The American Society of Transplantation Online Transplant Infectious Diseases Library

Respiratory tract infection with pneumoviruses (PVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) are increasingly associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Ribavirin may be a treatment option but its effectiveness is unclear, especially with respect to infection severity. We retrospectively analyzed 10 years of PV/PMV infections in LTRs. The main end points were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) at 3 and 6 months postinfection, expressed as a...

Metagenomic sequencing for infectious disease diagnostics is an important tool that holds promise for use in the clinical laboratory. Challenges for implementation so far include high cost, the length of time to results, and the need for technical and bioinformatics expertise. However, the recent technological innovation of nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) has the potential to address these challenges., Metagenomic sequencing for infectious disease diagnostics is...

<h2>Summary</h2><p>Mucormycosis is a difficult to diagnose rare disease with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often delayed, and disease tends to progress rapidly. Urgent surgical and medical intervention is lifesaving. Guidance on the complex multidisciplinary management has potential to improve prognosis, but approaches differ between health-care settings. From January, 2018, authors from 33 countries in all United Nations regions analysed the published evidence on mucormycosis...

Purpose of Review: This review article focuses on recent advances in the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant recipients. Recent Findings: Over the past few years, key studies have broadened our understanding of best practices for the prevention and treatment of HHV-6B encephalitis after transplantation. Moreover, important data have been reported that support a potential role of HHV-6B reactivation in the...

Background.  ZTI-01 (fosfomycin for injection) is an epoxide antibiotic with a differentiated mechanism of action (MOA) inhibiting an early step in bacterial cell wall synthesis. ZTI-01 has broad in vitro spectrum of activity, including multidrug-resistant Gramnegative pathogens, and is being developed for treatment of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) and acute pyelonephritis (AP) in the United States. Methods.  Hospitalized adults with suspected or microbiologically confirmed...

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells are a novel class of anti-cancer therapy in which autologous or allogeneic T-cells are engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor targeting a membrane antigen. In Europe, Tisagenlecleucel (KymriahTM) is approved for the treatment of refractory/relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in children and young adults as well as relapsed/refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma; Axicabtagene ciloleucel (YescartaTM) is approved for the treatment of...

Background: The American Thoracic Society, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Respiratory Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America jointly sponsored this new practice guideline on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The document includes recommendations on the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) as well as isoniazid-resistant but rifampin-susceptible TB.Methods: Published systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and a new individual...

<h2>Summary</h2><h3>Background</h3><p><i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i> infection is a neglected condition that places people who are immunocompromised at risk of hyperinfection and death. Ivermectin is the drug of choice for the treatment of <i>S stercoralis</i> infection, but there is no definitive evidence on the optimal dose. This trial aimed to assess whether multiple doses of ivermectin were superior to a single dose for the treatment of non-disseminated...

Of the two human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) species, human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Guidelines for the management of HHV-6 infections in patients with hematologic malignancies or post-transplant were prepared a decade ago but there have been no other guidelines since then despite significant advances in the understanding of HHV-6 encephalitis, its therapy, and other aspects of HHV-6...

Atypical mycobacterioses are unusual infections of the skin and other organs caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Fish tank granuloma and swimming pool granuloma are two forms of atypical mycobacterioses caused by Mycobacterium marinum. So far, only a few cases of these infections have been reported in organ transplant patients, and these usually are more severe when compared with atypical mycobacterioses in immunocompetent hosts. We report a kidney transplant patient with a rather mild...

β-Lactam and other reported antibiotic allergies are common among hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant recipients. Patients with reported β-lactam allergies have higher use of β-lactam alternative antibiotics following transplant.

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) is increasing worldwide. The drugs of choice for treatment of ESBLs are parenteral carbapenems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a new combination of oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin/clavulanate in treatment of ESBL-EC. Methods: A total of 150 ESBL-EC samples were collected over 1 year from two referral centers. Synergistic studies of cephalosporins and...

Background Percutaneous driveline infection is a major complication of left ventricular assist device (LVAD). This study evaluated the role of gallium-67 single-photon emission computed tomography (Ga-SPECT)-CT in LVAD-specific percutaneous driveline infection. Methods Thirty-six patients with implantable continuous-flow LVAD, who underwent Ga-SPECT-CT to evaluate percutaneous driveline infections, were enrolled and divided into uptake and no-uptake groups based on tracer concentration...

Background: This document provides evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Methods: A multidisciplinary panel conducted pragmatic systematic reviews of the relevant research and applied Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology for clinical recommendations.Results: The panel addressed 16 specific areas for recommendations spanning questions of diagnostic testing, determination of...

Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of two dosing regimens of oral ibrexafungerp (formerly SCY078), a novel orally bioavailable b-glucan synthase inhibitor, in subjects with invasive candidiasis versus the standard of care (SOC) and to identify the dose to achieve target exposure (15.4 lMÁh) in .80% of the intended population. Methods: In a multinational, open-label study, patients with documented invasive candidiasis were randomized to receive step-down therapy to one of three...

Background.  Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients are frequently infected with respiratory viruses (RVs) in the upper respiratory tract (URT), but the concordance between URT and lower respiratory tract (LRT) RV detection is not well characterized. Methods.  Hematopoietic cell transplant candidates and recipients with respiratory symptoms and LRT and URT RV testing via multiplex PCR from 2009 to 2016 were included. Logistic regression models were used to analyze risk factors for...

Four major clades of Candida auris have been described, and all infections have clustered in these 4 clades. We identified an isolate representative of a potential fifth clade, separated from the other clades by >200,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, in a patient in Iran who had never traveled outside the country.

These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of RNA respiratory viral infections in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. Viruses reviewed include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and coronavirus. Diagnosis is by nucleic acid testing due to improved sensitivity, specificity, broad range of detection of...