The American Society of Transplantation Online Transplant Infectious Diseases Library

Educational and preventive measures are the best strategy: vector control, knowledge of the vector’s habits, protection against mosquito bites, avoiding travel to endemic areas or with a current epidemic, and avoiding nonvector transmission according to local recommendations for donor deferral. Vaccination, currently only available for DENV, has not yet been studied in immunocompromised patients and is not currently recommended.

The International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) convened an expert consensus conference to assess current evidence and develop recommendations for various aspects of care relating to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation in children. In this report from the Prevention Working Group, we reviewed the existing literature regarding immunoprophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis, and pre-emptive strategies. While the group made a strong recommendation...

The number of transplant infectious disease (TID) fellowship programs has expanded rapidly in the past 5 years, with the creation of many new programs and the expansion of training tracks and dedicated years as the demand for TID physicians grows drastically. This editorial focuses on major factors and complexities that programs should consider in TID fellowship creation, as well as highlighting examples of formative experiences, programmatic structure, and fellow resources that trainees can...

Babesiosis is likely to become a more frequent infectious complication in immunosuppressed hosts as the areas of endemicity expand. Reduced efficacy of standard therapies is likely to continue emerging so more effort needs to be placed on methods of assessing resistance in vitro and developing more reliable treatments for resistant infections.

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a major course of short term (100 days and 1 yr) mortality and morbidity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The pathophysiology of GvHD is described as a 3 step process starting with initial tissue damage by conditioning followed by host antigen presenting cell activation by damage and pathogen associated molecular patterns and finally resulting in activation of alloreactive T cells and proinflmmatory cytokines...

ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate cytomegalovirus (CMV) post‐prophylaxis surveillance in high‐risk (D+/R‐) kidney and liver transplant recipients. Methods Adult D+/R‐ patients were included if transplanted between 6/1/15 and 11/30/22 and divided into a pre‐CMV‐stewardship‐era (6/1/15–5/31/18), CMV‐stewardship‐era (6/1/18–6/30/20), and a surveillance‐era (7/1/2020–11/30/2022) then followed through 12...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HPSCT), sometimes referred to as bone marrow transplant, involves administering healthy hematopoietic stem cells to patients with dysfunctional or depleted bone marrow. This procedure has several benefits. It helps to augment bone marrow function. In addition, depending on the disease being treated, it may allow for the destruction of malignant tumor cells. It can also generate functional cells that replace dysfunctional ones in cases like immune...

Background/aims: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy has revolutionized solid organ transplantation by providing an opportunity to utilize organs from HCV-viremic donors. Though transplantation of HCV-viremic donor organs into aviremic recipients is safe in the short term, midterm data on survival and post-transplant complications is lacking. We provide a midterm assessment of complications of lung transplantation (LT) up to 2 years post-transplant, including patient and graft survival...

Approximately 70% (90.5 million) of United States (US) households own at least one pet. Dogs are the most common, making up about 38% of all household pets, followed by cats, which make up 25%. Other pets such as fish, birds, reptiles, and small animals such as hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits are less common household members. Pets are often considered a part of the family and there are significant medical and psychosocial benefits to pet ownership; however, the possibility of disease...

Lung transplantation is a well-established life-saving treatment to improve the quality of life of patients with end-stage respiratory failure not responding to other medical or surgical interventions. The 36th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report summarize data from 69,200 adult lung transplants that have been performed through June 30, 2018, and reported to the International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry. The US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and the...

Abstract Viral infections are important and possibly serious complications to cellular therapies especially allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The most important virus infections are caused by the herpesviruses, adenovirus, and community acquired respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2, but also other more rare infections require attention. This chapter discusses some of these infections and their management

Abstract Invasive fungal diseases are potentially life-threatening infectious complications following HCT and CAR-T cell treatment. The successful introduction of azole-based antifungal prophylaxis has dramatically changed the fungal epidemiology and resistance patterns in many institutions. Timely and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge, especially for mould infections, and relies nowadays heavily on the detection of fungal biomarkers, fungal DNA, and sensitive imaging....

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that commonly infects animals and birds. Primary T. gondii infection in humans and other mammals is usually asymptomatic but leads to lifelong latent infection. Transmission to humans occurs by ingesting tissue cysts from undercooked meat or oocysts (released in the feces of cats). Latent cysts can give rise during immunosuppression to a severe localized reactivation producing, for...

Abstract Infection control is defined as a set of measures aimed at preventing or stopping the spread of infections in healthcare settings. Isolation procedures are a set of standard recommendations designed to reduce the risk of transmission of different infectious agents from body fluids or environmental surfaces.

Abstract Fever during neutropenia is almost universal after an HCT. In neutropenic HCT recipients, clinicians are faced with a unique combination of issues: (1) high incidence of bacterial bloodstream infections, (2) high mortality in case of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria unless effective antibiotic treatment is provided promptly, and (3) numerous causes of fever other than bacterial infection.

Background. Kidney transplant (KT) candidates with HIV face higher mortality on the waitlist compared with candidates without HIV. Because the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act has expanded the donor pool to allow donors with HIV (D + ), it is crucial to understand whether this has impacted transplant rates for this population. Methods. ...

Background Invasive aspergillosis affects solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, carrying a high risk of mortality and morbidity in this population. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure the initiation of correct antifungal therapy. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) Eurofins Viracor Aspergillus PCR (AspPCR) in diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in SOT recipients. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of...